Modern warfare is increasingly shaped by contested environments where electronic warfare (EW), GNSS denial, and cyber interference challenge the freedom of maneuver for armed forces. In such conditions, Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs) provide a decisive advantage by augmenting land forces with autonomous and semi-autonomous ground platforms.
While Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) dominate current narratives due to their agility and cost-effectiveness, UGVs hold unique strengths, endurance, high payload capacity, proximity to ground forces, and resilience under canopy or terrain cover. In essence, UGVs act as a “soldier on ground”, providing both operational and logistical support that UAVs cannot replicate.
UGVs extend the capabilities of land forces in a way that directly contributes to mission success. Their importance lies in:
Thus, UGVs are not a replacement for UAVs but a complementary force multiplier that enhances land domain dominance.
The architecture of UGVs can be broken into several integrated systems. Each of these subsystems ensures reliable operation even in highly contested conditions.
Mobility System: Wheels, tracks, or hybrid drives enabling cross-country mobility in rough terrain.
Autonomy & Control System: Algorithms for path planning, obstacle avoidance, and manned-unmanned teaming.
Navigation System: Core inertial navigation (INS) supported by alternate sensors to ensure position accuracy.
Communication System: Secure RF links with anti-jamming and spoofing capabilities.
Payload System: Modular bays for mission-specific equipment (logistics, weapons, surveillance, etc.).
Figure 1. General Hardware Architecture of UGV
Reliable navigation is the backbone of UGV effectiveness. In a GNSS-denied or spoofed environment, UGVs must continue their mission seamlessly. The resilience can be achieved by carefully choosing the systems. The following are a few key systems that play an important role in the seamless navigation.
Inertial Navigation Systems (INS): Fiber-Optic Gyros (FOG) / High performance MEMS-based INS ensure self-contained navigation, immune to external interference.
Visual Navigation Systems (VNS): Cameras and optical sensors map terrain features to correct drift and provide situational awareness.
Terrain-Referenced Navigation: Correlating terrain data with stored maps to maintain positional accuracy.
Cooperative Navigation: UGVs operating in groups exchange relative positioning for accuracy.
Together, these create a layered navigation assurance framework, vital for mission continuity under EW conditions.
Modern battlefields are increasingly shaped by Electronic Warfare (EW), where adversaries attempt to disrupt or deny navigation and communication systems. Since Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs) are highly dependent on autonomy, command links, and precise positioning, they must employ multi-layered defensive mechanisms to ensure mission continuity.
UGVs employ resilient navigation to survive GNSS denial. Instead of sudden loss, performance degrades gracefully.
CRPA Antenna: Nulls toward jammers, sustaining GNSS reception.
Multi-Constellation GNSS: Combines GPS, Galileo, GLONASS, BeiDou, NavIC.
Spoof Detection: AI cross-checks GNSS with INS/visual odometry.
Angle-of-Arrival Filtering: Rejects anomalous signals.
Hybrid Navigation: INS + VNS + LiDAR + Terrain Referencing for GNSS blackout.
Resilient comms ensure control, swarming, and data relay even under jamming.
FHSS/DSSS: Spread-spectrum for jam resistance.
MANET Mesh: Self-healing networks with UAVs, soldiers, and command posts.
Low Probability Intercept/Detection (LPI/LPD) Waveforms: Reduce detection/interception risk.
Satellite/HF Backup: BLOS continuity in contested RF.
GNSS lost → INS + Visual Odometry
RF jammed → Autonomous fallback
Swarm disrupted → Network self-reconfigures
UGVs continue mission functions without total system collapse.
The true value of UGVs lies in their ability to integrate diverse payloads, enabling multi-role functionality.
Survival (Force Protection & Soldier Safety)
Route Clearance & Breaching: Safely neutralize mines, IEDs, and obstacles.
Casualty Evacuation: Extract wounded without exposing troops.
Lethality (Combat Power & Offensive Edge)
Combat Support: Armed UGVs providing sustained direct fire.
Kamikaze UGVs: Expendable strike units for high-value target destruction.
Swarm Operations: Massed UGVs for area denial and breakthrough tactics.
Sustainment (Logistics & Operational Continuity)
Logistics & Resupply: Delivery of ammunition, rations, and fuel in contested terrain.
Intelligence (Decision Superiority)
Reconnaissance & Surveillance: Persistent ISR close to the frontlines.
Such modular payload architecture ensures mission adaptability and scalability.
The rise of UAVs often overshadows UGVs, but ground platforms offer irreplaceable advantages in mission-critical operations.
UAV Strengths: Speed, reach, cost-effectiveness, ISR capability.
UGV Strengths: High payload capacity, sustained presence near troops, direct ground interaction (breaching, logistics, heavy firepower).
Why UGVs Matter More in Critical Missions
Payload Superiority: Can transport weapons, supplies, and heavy systems UAVs cannot lift.
Endurance with Troops: Operates alongside soldiers for sustained combat support.
Ground Effects: Executes engineering, breaching, and logistics tasks UAVs cannot perform.
Survivability: Less vulnerable to air defences compared to UAVs.
UAVs and UGVs complement each other, but UGVs are indispensable for decisive ground operations.
Several conflicts have already validated the combat utility of UGVs:
Ukraine War (2022–2025): UGVs deployed for mine clearance, logistics resupply, and kamikaze missions. Kamikaze UGVs have been used effectively against fortified positions.
Israel: Semi-autonomous patrol UGVs secure borders, integrating sensors and weapons for persistent ground security.
Russia (Uran-9 in Syria): Lessons learnt on control-link dependence underscored the importance of autonomy and resilient navigation.
These real-world examples demonstrate how UGVs transition from experimental platforms to frontline enablers.
Emerging technologies are shaping the future of UGVs:
DARPA RACER Program: High-speed autonomy in off-road terrain.
Mass-Produced Kamikaze UGVs: Ukraine’s demand for thousands highlights the shift to robotic mass warfare.
Counter-Drone UGVs: Mobile, hard-kill and soft-kill systems protecting infantry columns from UAV swarms.
Hybrid Propulsion: Silent electric drive enabling stealth operations.
Such advancements illustrate the trajectory toward doctrinal integration of UGVs in future armies.
Despite their promise, UGVs face significant operational challenges that must be addressed before they can achieve large-scale adoption in modern armies.
Navigation Drift: Even with advanced INS, long-duration missions without GNSS can lead to cumulative errors.
Limited Autonomy in Complex Environments: Urban and cluttered terrains present dynamic obstacles beyond current AI capabilities.
Communication Vulnerability: Reliance on RF links creates exposure to jamming, interception, or terrain-based signal blocking.
Energy and Endurance: Battery capacity and refueling logistics remain limiting factors for long-range deployments.
Payload-Integration Complexity: Balancing weight, stability, and power consumption across modular payloads requires advanced engineering.
Cost vs. Attrition: UGVs meant for “disposable” kamikaze missions must achieve cost parity with their expected attrition rates.
Doctrinal Gaps: Many militaries still lack established doctrines, training pipelines, and interoperability standards for UGV deployment.
These challenges underline why UGVs are often viewed as underdogs today, but overcoming them will unlock their true potential as mechanized teammates of the future soldier.
UGVs are no longer theoretical concepts or futuristic lab prototypes but practical enablers of contested warfare. They provide unmatched payload capacity, persistence, and survivability in GNSS-denied and EW-heavy conditions.
When equipped with resilient inertial navigation systems, anti-jamming radios, and modular payloads, UGVs evolve into the mechanical soldier on the ground, extending the reach and endurance of human warfighters.
While UAVs remain indispensable, UGVs embody the close-combat, high-payload resilience that defines land domain warfare, making them a decisive element of future military operations.
Dr. Sandip Aghav is the Vice President – Strategy and Business Development at Aeron Systems Pvt. Ltd., where he leads the Defence and Aerospace Business Unit. With over 15 years of experience in the inertial navigation domain, he brings hands-on expertise in sensor fusion, navigation system design, and product development. Dr. Sandip Aghav combines deep application-level knowledge with strategic insight, enabling customers to address critical problem statements in resilient navigation. His work bridges technical innovation with business leadership, driving Aeron’s growth as a trusted partner in defence and aerospace markets.
